A recent study by Constantine Tsigos et al., published in the European Journal of Clinical Investigation (EJCI) indicates that the presence of ‘medically unexplainable symptoms’ (MUS) is an index of chronic stress and inflammation, and that advanced bioimpedance analysis may provide a useful, bloodless and rapid tool in the clinical setting.
Chronic stress plays two major damaging roles in the body.
First, through classic hormones, such as the catecholamines and cortisol, it elevates arterial blood pressure, causes dislipidemia, blood hypercoagulation and glucose intolerance – all the way to diabetes type 2 – and changes the body composition, i.e. decreasing muscle and bone masses and increasing fat deposits, especiallly inside the abdomen.
Second, stress increases inflammatory cytokine secretion both directly, by stimulating immune cells, and, indirectly, by increasing body fat, which itself produces proinflammatory molecules. The above changes combined are strongly atherogenic, leading to cardiovascular and neurovascular disease.
Clinically, chronic stress induces dysphoric feelings, i.e. anxiety and depression symptoms, psychosomatic complaints, such as fatigue, various pains, including headache and low back pain, and/or somatic changes consistent with chronic stress, such as overweight, obesity, increased visceral adiposity and loss of lean body mass, i.e. sarcopenia and osteopenia.
With regard to the study by Constantine Tsigos et al. it should not be a surprise that patients who present to their physicians with ‘nonspecific’ or MUS also have high evening cortisol levels, i.e. chronic flattening of their circadian cortisol rhythm, elevated serum concentrations of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and body discomposition compatible with chronic stress. See article by Tsigos et al., EJCI.
Presence of MUS and changes in body composition are thus characteristic of exposure to chronic stress. Advanced impedometers, such as that employed in the Tsigos study, are an easy and rapid means of diagnosing chronic stress and suggesting important changes in lifestyle, including good nutrition, proper sleep habits and moderate exercise.
Stress management, using meditation and/or other proven techniques by patients and, even better, by everybody, including their treating physicians, helps stabilize mood at a higher level and improves compliance to recommendations for favorable lifestyle changes.
Source: Eur J Clin Invest, 2015 Feb;45(2):126-34. doi: 10.1111/eci.12388. Epub 2015 Jan 12.
Read more: Eur J Clin Invest
Cover Image Credit: (Left Panel): Figure 2, Levels of salivary cortisol in the three groups of our study. Variables determined were as follows: cortisol at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m. in lean no MUS (Group A), lean MUS (Group B) and overweight/obese no MUS (Group C); (Right Panel): Figure 3 Regression analyses of bioimpedance variables vs. hsCRP and salivary cortisol measurements. The variables presented are ECW (TBW%) vs. hsCRP; Measurements were conducted with a BIA-ACC device (Biotekna srl. Venice, Italy). This is a full-body bioimpedance measuring device used for body composition analysis. The BIA-ACC device is characterized by a dual frequency bioimpedance measurement. The classic ‘high frequency’ (50 kHz) is paired with a ‘low frequency’ (1.5 kHz) (bifrequency method) measurement,which is critical for a better estimation of the extracellular compartment. From: Stress and inflammatory biomarkers and symptoms are associated with bioimpedance measures by Constantine Tsigos, Charikleia Stefanaki, George I. Lambrou, Dario Boschiero and George P. Chrousos, European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2015 Feb;45(2):126-34., doi:10.1111/eci.12388
Related stories you may like:
Medial Amygdala and its Structural Shrinkage by Chronic Stress
Chronic Stress and IL-10/STAT3 Pathway’s Induction
Chronic Stress Promoting Autoimmunity through Induction of Glucocorticoid Resistance
The Stress Continuum of Chronic Disease Development
Hans Selye and the Birth of the Stress Concept
Hans Selye and the 80th Birthday of Stress Research
Stress: From Hans Selye to Paris Hilton
The Link Between Stress, Emotions and Cytokine-Related Diseases
Lifetime Adversity Is Associated with Inflammation and Elevated CRP Levels
Takotsubo or Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy Linked to Catecholamine-Induced Inflammation